Grammar Handbook – Quick Review

Test Type
Both
Last Updated
Jul 11, 2025 02:10 AM
 
蓝书(Bluebook)模考模块说明:
  • Module 1 错题数在 4-8 之间 → 进入 Harder Mode
  • 如果进入 Easier Mode,则 Verbal 分数上限为 600(题目越简单,得分越低)

📖 Reading(基于证据的阅读)

解题核心思维

  • 所有题目都必须基于文本来选择答案,避免主观想法
  • 要学会refer back to the text找 evidence
  • 答案通常是 logical and objective(合乎逻辑、客观)
  • 越“直接”的选项越可能对

常见错误类型

  • 忽略了原文信息,主观臆断
  • 选了概括模糊但听起来“好听”的选项
  • 不知道题目在问什么(可以在错题分析中归类)

✍️ Grammar(语法)

🧩 错题分类建议

  • 错误类型:
    • ✅语法知识点错误
    • ✅单词不认识(建议积累高频3000词)
    • ✅题型不熟悉
    • ✅粗心
  • 每道错题记录:
    • 原题句子
    • 正确答案和错误答案
    • 错误原因分类
    • 涉及的语法点或词汇

🧱 核心语法知识点

1️⃣ 句子结构(SVO)

  • 标准结构:Subject + Verb + Object
    • ✅ She likes pizza.
如何识别主干
  • 去掉修饰语(modifiers)、介词短语、doing/done 短语、从句(dependent clause)
      1. 修饰语 modifier:
    • ✅ The girl (sitting by my side) smiled. → 主语是 the girl
    • ✅ A boy (with a red hat) was dancing. → 主语是 a boy
    • ✅ The dog (wagging his tail) barked loudly. → 主语是 the dog
      1. 介词短语 prepositional phrase:
    • ✅ The way (to the library) is blocked. → 主语是 the way
    • ✅ The book (on the table) is mine. → 主语是 the book
    • ✅ A friend (from school) called me. → 主语是 a friend
      1. doing/done 短语:
    • ✅ The apple (eaten by my mom) was sweet. → 主语是 the apple
    • ✅ The kid (crying in the corner) was scared. → 主语是 the kid
    • ✅ The letter (written by Jane) shocked everyone. → 主语是 the letter
      1. 从句 dependent clause:
    • ✅ I saw the girl (who was singing on the stage). → 主句是 I saw the girl
    • ✅ The man (who helped us yesterday) is my uncle. → 主语是 the man
    • ✅ The book (that you gave me) is amazing. → 主语是 the book

2️⃣ Fragment(残句)

残句是什么?
Fragment 是语法上不完整的句子,通常缺少主语、动词,或不能表达一个完整的意思。虽然它“看起来像个句子”,但其实是“只有一部分”。

常见类型:
  1. 只出现修饰部分,没有主句
      • ❌ By doing homework.
        • (“通过做作业”——但结果呢?)
      • ✅ By doing homework, she improved a lot.
  1. 以从属连词开头,却没有主句
      • ❌ Because she was sad.
      • ✅ Because she was sad, she stayed home.
  1. 从句缺主句依附
      • ❌ Although I studied hard.
      • ✅ Although I studied hard, I didn’t pass the test.
  1. 用分词短语开头但主句缺失
      • ❌ Sitting at the desk.
        • (谁在桌前坐?)
      • ✅ Sitting at the desk, she started writing.
  1. 缺主语或动词
      • ❌ Went to the store.
        • (谁去的?)
      • ✅ I went to the store.

怎么判断是不是残句?
🧠 读出来觉得“悬着”,像话没说完、结尾断了,大概率就是残句!

3️⃣ Run-on Sentence(流水句)

Run-on 是什么? Run-on sentence 指的是两个或以上的独立句(完整句)被错误地粘在一起,没有正确使用标点符号或连接词。
看起来像一个很长的句子,但实际上里面有多个主谓结构,应该分开或正确连接,否则语法上就是错误。

错误类型举例:
  1. 完全没有连接词或标点:
  • ❌ I woke up I brushed my teeth.
    • 两个独立句粘在一起,没有连接手段。
  1. 只用了逗号连接(Comma Splice):
  • ❌ I woke up, I brushed my teeth.
    • 只用逗号连接两个完整句也不对。

正确写法 ✅:
  1. 用句号分开:
  • ✅ I woke up. I brushed my teeth.
  1. 使用 COMMA + FANBOYS(并列连词):
  • ✅ I woke up, and I brushed my teeth.
    • FANBOYS = for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
  1. 使用分号(;):
  • ✅ I woke up; I brushed my teeth.
  1. 使用破折号(—):
  • ✅ I woke up — I brushed my teeth.
  1. 使用冒号(:)表达解释说明:
  • ✅ I woke up: I had an important meeting to attend.

小提醒📌: 只要句子里有两个 SVO,就要认真想一想,它们之间是不是要加标点或连词。Run-on 是语法里特别常见但容易忽略的问题!
FANBOYS = for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

4️⃣ Punctuation(标点符号)

✅ COMMA (,) (逗号)

逗号有什么用? Comma 是最常见的标点之一,用来分隔句子中的部分、连接句子、插入信息等,但滥用或误用会造成语义不清或语法错误。

常见用法 🔍:
  1. 列举(Listing)
  • ✅ She packed her bag with a notebook, a pen, and a bottle of water.
  • ✅ We bought apples, bananas, oranges, and grapes.
  • 📝 注意最后一项前的逗号叫做 Oxford comma(可选但推荐使用)
  1. 连接两个独立句(Comma + FANBOYS)
  • ✅ She studied all night, and she finally passed the exam.
  • ✅ It started raining, so we canceled the picnic.
  • ❌ She studied all night, she passed the exam.(Comma splice 错误)
  1. 插入语/非限制性修饰语(非必要信息)
  • ✅ The book, written by my mom, became a bestseller.
  • ✅ We will, of course, attend the meeting.
  • ✅ The student, however, chose to leave the classroom.
  • ✅ My dog, who is 10 years old, still acts like a puppy.
  1. 时间/地点/条件等前置状语后加逗号
  • ✅ In the morning, I eat breakfast.
  • ✅ Because of the rain, she stayed home.
  • ✅ When I was a kid, I loved cartoons.
  1. 可互换顺序的形容词之间加逗号
  • ✅ She is a smart, funny girl. = She is a funny, smart girl.
  • ✅ It was a cold, windy day.
  • ❌ She adopted a small old white dog.(这些形容词顺序不能换,不加逗号)

错误示例 🚫:
  • ❌ She, likes pizza.(主语和谓语之间不能加逗号)
  • ❌ The president, Donald Trump believes...(名字作为必要信息时不能加逗号)
    • ✅ Donald Trump, the president, believes...(“the president” 是非必要信息,可以加逗号)

小贴士📌:
  • 插入语 = 可去掉不影响句意 → 两边都加逗号
  • 主语和谓语之间🚫不能加逗号
  • 可交换顺序的形容词 ✔️加逗号;固定顺序的 ❌不加
  • 列表中推荐用 Oxford 逗号,尤其在写作中可以减少歧义

✅ SEMICOLON(;)(分号)

分号是什么? Semicolon(;)是比句号弱一点、比逗号强一点的连接符号,常用于连接两个相关的独立句子,或者在复杂清单中帮助读者更清楚地分组。

常见用法 🔍:
  1. 连接两个独立但相关的句子(= period)
  • ✅ She was tired; she went to bed.
  • ✅ I studied all night; the test was very important.
  • ✅ You must submit your application; the deadline is tomorrow.
🚫 不要在两个句子间只用逗号(Comma splice):
  • ❌ She was tired, she went to bed.
  1. 用在包含逗号的复杂列表中
  • ✅ The guests included Amy, my best friend; John, her brother; and Lisa, their cousin.
  • ✅ I’ve lived in Paris, France; Tokyo, Japan; and Beijing, China.

不建议用的情况:
  • 两个句子关系不大 ➡️ 直接用句号更清晰
  • 想连接句子,但其中一个不完整 ➡️ 改成逗号/冒号/破折号更合适

小提醒📌:
  • 使用分号连接句子时,两边必须都是完整句子(独立子句)
  • 后面第一个字母不需要大写(不是新句子)
  • 如果在写作文或正式文章时觉得用逗号不够清晰,用分号可以提升句子清晰度和专业感 😎

✅ COLON(:)(冒号)

冒号什么时候用? 用来引出解释、补充说明、强调内容、列举等信息。 前提条件:冒号前必须是一个完整句子(SVO)!

常见用途 🔍:
  1. 引出详细解释、原因、重点
  • ✅ He had one goal: to win the game.
    • (他有一个目标:赢得比赛)
  • ✅ She finally realized the truth: he was lying to her all along.
  1. 引出列表
  • ✅ She brought everything she needed: a pen, a notebook, and a ruler.
  • ✅ He only wanted one thing: revenge.
  • ❌ He bought: a pen, a notebook, and a ruler.
    • 🚫 冒号前不是完整句子 → 错误
  1. 引出名言或完整句子的直接引用(更正式的写法)
  • ✅ She made her decision: “I’m leaving this job.”
  • ✅ He always said the same thing: “Do your best.”
  1. 用于标题、副标题之间,或说明关系
  • ✅ SAT Strategy: Grammar and Reading Skills

不建议用冒号的情况:
  • 冒号前句子不完整
  • 想要连接句子却不清楚逻辑关系时

小提示💡: 冒号后面可以是完整句子,也可以是短语或单词,但前面一定是完整的!用法上比逗号/分号更强调“解释/强调”关系。

✅ QUOTATION MARKS(“ ”)(双引号)

引号什么时候用? Quotation marks(“”)主要用于引用他人的话、提取文章原文、突出特定词语或表达不确定/讽刺语气。

1. 引用他人的话(Direct Quotation)

✅ 引用完整句子:用逗号或冒号引入

  • ✅ He said, “I am tired.”
  • ✅ She shouted: “We have to go now!”
  • ✅ The teacher asked, “Where is your homework?”

✅ 引用不完整句子:整合到主句中

  • ✅ He said he was “too tired to continue.”
  • ✅ She felt “a bit nervous” before the test.

2. 强调词语/讽刺语气(Scare Quotes)

  • ✅ The so-called “experts” gave conflicting opinions.
  • ✅ He is a “genius,” according to his own words.
    • 📝 多用于写作讽刺或表达不确定时,但在正式写作中不建议过多使用

3. 引用嵌套(引号中还有引号)

  • ✅ He said, “My teacher told me, ‘Do your best,’ and I listened.”
    • 外层用双引号 “ ”,内层用单引号 ‘ ’

4. 标点位置注意:

  • ✅ 美式英语:逗号和句号放在引号内
    • ✅ He said, “Let’s start now.”
    • ✅ “I love pizza,” she said.
  • ✅ 问号、感叹号根据是否属于引号内内容来决定位置
    • ✅ Did she really say, “I’m quitting”?(问号属于整句)
    • ✅ She asked, “Are you okay?”(问号属于引号内)

常见错误 🚫:
  • ❌ He said “I’m tired”.(句号应在引号内)
  • ❌ The “weather” is nice today.(不需要引号强调)

✅ DASH(—)(破折号)

破折号是什么? Dashes(—)可以用来插入额外信息、解释说明、强调重点,用法类似逗号或冒号,但语气更强、更“口语化”。

常见用法 🔍:
  1. 解释说明(= 冒号)
  • ✅ I bought a gift — a pretty wallet.
    • (解释 gift 是什么)
  • ✅ He had one dream — to become a pilot.
  • ✅ She knew what she had to do — apologize.
  1. 补充或插入语(= 两个逗号)
  • ✅ My brother — always the dramatic one — started crying during the movie.
  • ✅ The students — tired but excited — left the classroom.
  1. 用于句子末尾强调
  • ✅ There’s only one thing I can say — wow.
  1. 在清单结尾进行总结性强调
  • ✅ Salad, drinks, and fruit — everything was ready before the party.

小技巧✨:
  • 一个 dash = 解释说明
  • 两个 dash = 插入语(左右要对称)
  • 和冒号不同,dash 更口语、更强调突发、情绪化的语气
对比:
  • ✅ I bought a gift: a pretty wallet.(更正式)
  • ✅ I bought a gift — a pretty wallet.(更自然)

✅ APOSTROPHE (‘) (撇号)

撇号什么时候用? Apostrophe (‘) 主要用于两种情况:所有格(ownership) 和 缩写(contractions)

1. 表示所有关系(谁的?什么的?)

✅ 单数名词 + 's:

  • ✅ Jack’s book = Jack 的书
  • ✅ My mom’s car = 我妈妈的车
  • ✅ The dog’s tail = 狗的尾巴

✅ 复数名词(以 s 结尾)+ ':

  • ✅ The students’ homework = 学生们的作业
  • ✅ My parents’ house = 我父母的房子

✅ 不规则复数名词 + 's:

  • ✅ The children’s toys = 孩子们的玩具
  • ✅ The men’s restroom = 男士洗手间

⚠️ 专有名词中的混淆:

  • ❌ The dog of Jack → ✅ Jack’s dog
  • ❌ The tail of the dog → ✅ The dog’s tail

2. 多人共同 vs 各自所有

  • ✅ Jack and Jane’s book → 两人共有一本书
  • ✅ Jack’s and Jane’s books → 各自有书

3. 用于缩写 contractions(非正式写作)

  • ✅ don’t = do not
  • ✅ it’s = it is / it has
  • ✅ you’re = you are
  • ✅ who’s = who is / who has

⚠️ 容易混淆:

  • ❌ its(不是 it is!)= 表示“它的”,是形容词
  • ✅ it’s = it is / it has
  • ❌ whose = 谁的,不是 who is
  • ✅ who’s = who is / who has

小提示💡:
  • 所有格句子可以转换为 “of” 结构,帮助理解关系:
    • ✅ Jack’s phone = the phone of Jack
    • ✅ the company’s policy = the policy of the company
  • 学术写作中尽量避免 contractions(缩写),正式写作更推荐完整形式。

📚 练习建议 & 资源

📘 Bluebook 模考

  • 建议完成模考7(蓝书)
  • 标点专项练习(PDF版)
  • 每次模考之后总结错题类型

🧾 高频词汇积累

  • 建议使用 Quizlet/Anki 建立高频3000词卡片

📌 语法结构训练

  • 熟悉独立 vs 非独立句:
    • ✅ I love reading.(独立句)
    • ❌ love reading.(残句)
    • ✅ When I was a kid, I used to climb the mountain every day. (复合句)
 

形容词加逗号


可以加逗号的情况:并列形容词 (coordinate adjectives)

判断标准是:
  1. 可以互换顺序
  1. 可以在中间加 and 读起来顺畅
📌 举例:
  • a bright, cheerful room(✅ bright and cheerful room)
  • a long, boring meeting(✅ boring and long meeting)
💡 所以这些加逗号没问题。

不能加逗号的情况:累积形容词 (cumulative adjectives)

这些形容词顺序有层级感,不能随便换,之间不能加 and,所以也不能加逗号。
📌 举例:
  • a small wooden table(❌ small, wooden table)
    • “wooden” 限定了材质,是对“table”的直接修饰,small 是附加描述
  • a beautiful French dress(❌ beautiful, French dress)
  • an old red brick house(❌ old, red, brick house)
 
好问题!英语中形容词的排列顺序有“默认规则”,但也有一定灵活性。咱们先把基础规则捋清楚,再告诉你哪些可以调整、哪些基本不能动。

🧱

标准形容词顺序(OSASCOMP)

顺位
类别
说明
举例
1
Opinion
主观看法、情感
beautiful, ugly, nice
2
Size
大小
big, small, tiny
3
Age
年龄
old, young, new
4
Shape
形状
round, square, thin
5
Color
颜色
red, blue, green
6
Origin
产地、国家、文化
American, Chinese, Italian
7
Material
材质
wooden, cotton, metal
8
Purpose
用途(常是动词+ing或名词)
sleeping (bag), racing (car)
📌 例子:a beautiful small old round red Italian wooden dining table

可以灵活调整的

这些类别之间可以根据语气或强调略作调整:
  • Opinion + Size:a huge amazing cake vs. an amazing huge cake(都不算错)
  • Opinion + Color:a lovely blue dress vs. a blue lovely dress(后者更少见但偶尔出现于诗歌/文学)

不能随便换的

以下顺序基本固定,乱了就“很怪”或不通顺:
  • Origin 在 Material 后面很奇怪:❌ wooden French table
  • Color 通常在 Origin 前:❌ Italian red dress(不自然)
📌 正确示例:a red Italian dress, a French wooden chair

💡 总结口诀(便于记)

🗣 Opinion
📏 Size
Age
🔺 Shape
🎨 Color
🌍 Origin
🧱 Material
🔧 Purpose


🔍 小贴士:判断能不能加逗号的方法

🔁 试着换顺序,看读起来是否自然
🟰 试着中间加 and,看通不通顺
  • ✅ “a calm, confident speaker” → ✅ “a confident and calm speaker”
  • ❌ “a large wooden door” → ❌ “a wooden and large door”

要不要我把一些典型句子标上逗号帮你练一下?你也可以发你想写的句子,我给你改正确。💪
 
 
Loading...