MG Public Knowledge Hub
Teaching & Research Knowledge Base (WIP)
Classroom Resource
Standardized Test Prep
College Application
Literature
Language Learning
Programming
Teacher Qualification
Grammar Handbook – Quick Review
Test Type
Both
Last Updated
Jul 11, 2025 02:10 AM
蓝书(Bluebook)模考模块说明:
- Module 1 错题数在 4-8 之间 → 进入 Harder Mode
- 如果进入 Easier Mode,则 Verbal 分数上限为 600(题目越简单,得分越低)
📖 Reading(基于证据的阅读)
解题核心思维
- 所有题目都必须基于文本来选择答案,避免主观想法
- 要学会refer back to the text找 evidence
- 答案通常是 logical and objective(合乎逻辑、客观)
- 越“直接”的选项越可能对
常见错误类型
- 忽略了原文信息,主观臆断
- 选了概括模糊但听起来“好听”的选项
- 不知道题目在问什么(可以在错题分析中归类)
✍️ Grammar(语法)
🧩 错题分类建议
- 错误类型:
- ✅语法知识点错误
- ✅单词不认识(建议积累高频3000词)
- ✅题型不熟悉
- ✅粗心
- 每道错题记录:
- 原题句子
- 正确答案和错误答案
- 错误原因分类
- 涉及的语法点或词汇
🧱 核心语法知识点
1️⃣ 句子结构(SVO)
- 标准结构:Subject + Verb + Object
- ✅ She likes pizza.
如何识别主干
- 去掉修饰语(modifiers)、介词短语、doing/done 短语、从句(dependent clause)
- 修饰语 modifier:
- ✅ The girl (sitting by my side) smiled. → 主语是 the girl
- ✅ A boy (with a red hat) was dancing. → 主语是 a boy
- ✅ The dog (wagging his tail) barked loudly. → 主语是 the dog
- 介词短语 prepositional phrase:
- ✅ The way (to the library) is blocked. → 主语是 the way
- ✅ The book (on the table) is mine. → 主语是 the book
- ✅ A friend (from school) called me. → 主语是 a friend
- doing/done 短语:
- ✅ The apple (eaten by my mom) was sweet. → 主语是 the apple
- ✅ The kid (crying in the corner) was scared. → 主语是 the kid
- ✅ The letter (written by Jane) shocked everyone. → 主语是 the letter
- 从句 dependent clause:
- ✅ I saw the girl (who was singing on the stage). → 主句是 I saw the girl
- ✅ The man (who helped us yesterday) is my uncle. → 主语是 the man
- ✅ The book (that you gave me) is amazing. → 主语是 the book
2️⃣ Fragment(残句)
残句是什么?
Fragment 是语法上不完整的句子,通常缺少主语、动词,或不能表达一个完整的意思。虽然它“看起来像个句子”,但其实是“只有一部分”。
常见类型:
- 只出现修饰部分,没有主句
- ❌ By doing homework.
- ✅ By doing homework, she improved a lot.
(“通过做作业”——但结果呢?)
- 以从属连词开头,却没有主句
- ❌ Because she was sad.
- ✅ Because she was sad, she stayed home.
- 从句缺主句依附
- ❌ Although I studied hard.
- ✅ Although I studied hard, I didn’t pass the test.
- 用分词短语开头但主句缺失
- ❌ Sitting at the desk.
- ✅ Sitting at the desk, she started writing.
(谁在桌前坐?)
- 缺主语或动词
- ❌ Went to the store.
- ✅ I went to the store.
(谁去的?)
怎么判断是不是残句?
🧠 读出来觉得“悬着”,像话没说完、结尾断了,大概率就是残句!
3️⃣ Run-on Sentence(流水句)
Run-on 是什么? Run-on sentence 指的是两个或以上的独立句(完整句)被错误地粘在一起,没有正确使用标点符号或连接词。
看起来像一个很长的句子,但实际上里面有多个主谓结构,应该分开或正确连接,否则语法上就是错误。
错误类型举例:
- 完全没有连接词或标点:
- ❌ I woke up I brushed my teeth.
- 两个独立句粘在一起,没有连接手段。
- 只用了逗号连接(Comma Splice):
- ❌ I woke up, I brushed my teeth.
- 只用逗号连接两个完整句也不对。
正确写法 ✅:
- 用句号分开:
- ✅ I woke up. I brushed my teeth.
- 使用 COMMA + FANBOYS(并列连词):
- ✅ I woke up, and I brushed my teeth.
- FANBOYS = for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
- 使用分号(;):
- ✅ I woke up; I brushed my teeth.
- 使用破折号(—):
- ✅ I woke up — I brushed my teeth.
- 使用冒号(:)表达解释说明:
- ✅ I woke up: I had an important meeting to attend.
小提醒📌: 只要句子里有两个 SVO,就要认真想一想,它们之间是不是要加标点或连词。Run-on 是语法里特别常见但容易忽略的问题!
FANBOYS = for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
4️⃣ Punctuation(标点符号)
✅ COMMA (,) (逗号)
逗号有什么用? Comma 是最常见的标点之一,用来分隔句子中的部分、连接句子、插入信息等,但滥用或误用会造成语义不清或语法错误。
常见用法 🔍:
- 列举(Listing)
- ✅ She packed her bag with a notebook, a pen, and a bottle of water.
- ✅ We bought apples, bananas, oranges, and grapes.
- 📝 注意最后一项前的逗号叫做 Oxford comma(可选但推荐使用)
- 连接两个独立句(Comma + FANBOYS)
- ✅ She studied all night, and she finally passed the exam.
- ✅ It started raining, so we canceled the picnic.
- ❌ She studied all night, she passed the exam.(Comma splice 错误)
- 插入语/非限制性修饰语(非必要信息)
- ✅ The book, written by my mom, became a bestseller.
- ✅ We will, of course, attend the meeting.
- ✅ The student, however, chose to leave the classroom.
- ✅ My dog, who is 10 years old, still acts like a puppy.
- 时间/地点/条件等前置状语后加逗号
- ✅ In the morning, I eat breakfast.
- ✅ Because of the rain, she stayed home.
- ✅ When I was a kid, I loved cartoons.
- 可互换顺序的形容词之间加逗号
- ✅ She is a smart, funny girl. = She is a funny, smart girl.
- ✅ It was a cold, windy day.
- ❌ She adopted a small old white dog.(这些形容词顺序不能换,不加逗号)
错误示例 🚫:
- ❌ She, likes pizza.(主语和谓语之间不能加逗号)
- ❌ The president, Donald Trump believes...(名字作为必要信息时不能加逗号)
- ✅ Donald Trump, the president, believes...(“the president” 是非必要信息,可以加逗号)
小贴士📌:
- 插入语 = 可去掉不影响句意 → 两边都加逗号
- 主语和谓语之间🚫不能加逗号
- 可交换顺序的形容词 ✔️加逗号;固定顺序的 ❌不加
- 列表中推荐用 Oxford 逗号,尤其在写作中可以减少歧义
✅ SEMICOLON(;)(分号)
分号是什么? Semicolon(;)是比句号弱一点、比逗号强一点的连接符号,常用于连接两个相关的独立句子,或者在复杂清单中帮助读者更清楚地分组。
常见用法 🔍:
- 连接两个独立但相关的句子(= period)
- ✅ She was tired; she went to bed.
- ✅ I studied all night; the test was very important.
- ✅ You must submit your application; the deadline is tomorrow.
🚫 不要在两个句子间只用逗号(Comma splice):
- ❌ She was tired, she went to bed.
- 用在包含逗号的复杂列表中
- ✅ The guests included Amy, my best friend; John, her brother; and Lisa, their cousin.
- ✅ I’ve lived in Paris, France; Tokyo, Japan; and Beijing, China.
不建议用的情况:
- 两个句子关系不大 ➡️ 直接用句号更清晰
- 想连接句子,但其中一个不完整 ➡️ 改成逗号/冒号/破折号更合适
小提醒📌:
- 使用分号连接句子时,两边必须都是完整句子(独立子句)
- 后面第一个字母不需要大写(不是新句子)
- 如果在写作文或正式文章时觉得用逗号不够清晰,用分号可以提升句子清晰度和专业感 😎
✅ COLON(:)(冒号)
冒号什么时候用? 用来引出解释、补充说明、强调内容、列举等信息。 前提条件:冒号前必须是一个完整句子(SVO)!
常见用途 🔍:
- 引出详细解释、原因、重点
- ✅ He had one goal: to win the game.
- (他有一个目标:赢得比赛)
- ✅ She finally realized the truth: he was lying to her all along.
- 引出列表
- ✅ She brought everything she needed: a pen, a notebook, and a ruler.
- ✅ He only wanted one thing: revenge.
- ❌ He bought: a pen, a notebook, and a ruler.
- 🚫 冒号前不是完整句子 → 错误
- 引出名言或完整句子的直接引用(更正式的写法)
- ✅ She made her decision: “I’m leaving this job.”
- ✅ He always said the same thing: “Do your best.”
- 用于标题、副标题之间,或说明关系
- ✅ SAT Strategy: Grammar and Reading Skills
不建议用冒号的情况:
- 冒号前句子不完整
- 想要连接句子却不清楚逻辑关系时
小提示💡: 冒号后面可以是完整句子,也可以是短语或单词,但前面一定是完整的!用法上比逗号/分号更强调“解释/强调”关系。
✅ QUOTATION MARKS(“ ”)(双引号)
引号什么时候用? Quotation marks(“”)主要用于引用他人的话、提取文章原文、突出特定词语或表达不确定/讽刺语气。
1. 引用他人的话(Direct Quotation)
✅ 引用完整句子:用逗号或冒号引入
- ✅ He said, “I am tired.”
- ✅ She shouted: “We have to go now!”
- ✅ The teacher asked, “Where is your homework?”
✅ 引用不完整句子:整合到主句中
- ✅ He said he was “too tired to continue.”
- ✅ She felt “a bit nervous” before the test.
2. 强调词语/讽刺语气(Scare Quotes)
- ✅ The so-called “experts” gave conflicting opinions.
- ✅ He is a “genius,” according to his own words.
- 📝 多用于写作讽刺或表达不确定时,但在正式写作中不建议过多使用
3. 引用嵌套(引号中还有引号)
- ✅ He said, “My teacher told me, ‘Do your best,’ and I listened.”
- 外层用双引号 “ ”,内层用单引号 ‘ ’
4. 标点位置注意:
- ✅ 美式英语:逗号和句号放在引号内
- ✅ He said, “Let’s start now.”
- ✅ “I love pizza,” she said.
- ✅ 问号、感叹号根据是否属于引号内内容来决定位置
- ✅ Did she really say, “I’m quitting”?(问号属于整句)
- ✅ She asked, “Are you okay?”(问号属于引号内)
常见错误 🚫:
- ❌ He said “I’m tired”.(句号应在引号内)
- ❌ The “weather” is nice today.(不需要引号强调)
✅ DASH(—)(破折号)
破折号是什么? Dashes(—)可以用来插入额外信息、解释说明、强调重点,用法类似逗号或冒号,但语气更强、更“口语化”。
常见用法 🔍:
- 解释说明(= 冒号)
- ✅ I bought a gift — a pretty wallet.
- (解释 gift 是什么)
- ✅ He had one dream — to become a pilot.
- ✅ She knew what she had to do — apologize.
- 补充或插入语(= 两个逗号)
- ✅ My brother — always the dramatic one — started crying during the movie.
- ✅ The students — tired but excited — left the classroom.
- 用于句子末尾强调
- ✅ There’s only one thing I can say — wow.
- 在清单结尾进行总结性强调
- ✅ Salad, drinks, and fruit — everything was ready before the party.
小技巧✨:
- 一个 dash = 解释说明
- 两个 dash = 插入语(左右要对称)
- 和冒号不同,dash 更口语、更强调突发、情绪化的语气
对比:
- ✅ I bought a gift: a pretty wallet.(更正式)
- ✅ I bought a gift — a pretty wallet.(更自然)
✅ APOSTROPHE (‘) (撇号)
撇号什么时候用? Apostrophe (‘) 主要用于两种情况:所有格(ownership) 和 缩写(contractions)。
1. 表示所有关系(谁的?什么的?)
✅ 单数名词 + 's:
- ✅ Jack’s book = Jack 的书
- ✅ My mom’s car = 我妈妈的车
- ✅ The dog’s tail = 狗的尾巴
✅ 复数名词(以 s 结尾)+ ':
- ✅ The students’ homework = 学生们的作业
- ✅ My parents’ house = 我父母的房子
✅ 不规则复数名词 + 's:
- ✅ The children’s toys = 孩子们的玩具
- ✅ The men’s restroom = 男士洗手间
⚠️ 专有名词中的混淆:
- ❌ The dog of Jack → ✅ Jack’s dog
- ❌ The tail of the dog → ✅ The dog’s tail
2. 多人共同 vs 各自所有
- ✅ Jack and Jane’s book → 两人共有一本书
- ✅ Jack’s and Jane’s books → 各自有书
3. 用于缩写 contractions(非正式写作)
- ✅ don’t = do not
- ✅ it’s = it is / it has
- ✅ you’re = you are
- ✅ who’s = who is / who has
⚠️ 容易混淆:
- ❌ its(不是 it is!)= 表示“它的”,是形容词
- ✅ it’s = it is / it has
- ❌ whose = 谁的,不是 who is
- ✅ who’s = who is / who has
小提示💡:
- 所有格句子可以转换为 “of” 结构,帮助理解关系:
- ✅ Jack’s phone = the phone of Jack
- ✅ the company’s policy = the policy of the company
- 学术写作中尽量避免 contractions(缩写),正式写作更推荐完整形式。
📚 练习建议 & 资源
📘 Bluebook 模考
- 建议完成模考7(蓝书)
- 标点专项练习(PDF版)
- 每次模考之后总结错题类型
🧾 高频词汇积累
- 建议使用 Quizlet/Anki 建立高频3000词卡片
📌 语法结构训练
- 熟悉独立 vs 非独立句:
- ✅ I love reading.(独立句)
- ❌ love reading.(残句)
- ✅ When I was a kid, I used to climb the mountain every day. (复合句)
形容词加逗号
可以加逗号的情况:并列形容词 (coordinate adjectives)
判断标准是:
- 可以互换顺序
- 可以在中间加 and 读起来顺畅
📌 举例:
- a bright, cheerful room(✅ bright and cheerful room)
- a long, boring meeting(✅ boring and long meeting)
💡 所以这些加逗号没问题。
❌
不能加逗号的情况:累积形容词 (cumulative adjectives)
这些形容词顺序有层级感,不能随便换,之间不能加 and,所以也不能加逗号。
📌 举例:
- a small wooden table(❌ small, wooden table)
“wooden” 限定了材质,是对“table”的直接修饰,small 是附加描述
- a beautiful French dress(❌ beautiful, French dress)
- an old red brick house(❌ old, red, brick house)
好问题!英语中形容词的排列顺序有“默认规则”,但也有一定灵活性。咱们先把基础规则捋清楚,再告诉你哪些可以调整、哪些基本不能动。
🧱
标准形容词顺序(OSASCOMP)
顺位 | 类别 | 说明 | 举例 |
1 | Opinion | 主观看法、情感 | beautiful, ugly, nice |
2 | Size | 大小 | big, small, tiny |
3 | Age | 年龄 | old, young, new |
4 | Shape | 形状 | round, square, thin |
5 | Color | 颜色 | red, blue, green |
6 | Origin | 产地、国家、文化 | American, Chinese, Italian |
7 | Material | 材质 | wooden, cotton, metal |
8 | Purpose | 用途(常是动词+ing或名词) | sleeping (bag), racing (car) |
📌 例子:a beautiful small old round red Italian wooden dining table
✅
可以灵活调整的
这些类别之间可以根据语气或强调略作调整:
- Opinion + Size:a huge amazing cake vs. an amazing huge cake(都不算错)
- Opinion + Color:a lovely blue dress vs. a blue lovely dress(后者更少见但偶尔出现于诗歌/文学)
❌
不能随便换的
以下顺序基本固定,乱了就“很怪”或不通顺:
- Origin 在 Material 后面很奇怪:❌ wooden French table
- Color 通常在 Origin 前:❌ Italian red dress(不自然)
📌 正确示例:a red Italian dress, a French wooden chair
💡 总结口诀(便于记)
🗣 Opinion
📏 Size
⏳ Age
🔺 Shape
🎨 Color
🌍 Origin
🧱 Material
🔧 Purpose
🔍 小贴士:判断能不能加逗号的方法
🔁 试着换顺序,看读起来是否自然
🟰 试着中间加 and,看通不通顺
- ✅ “a calm, confident speaker” → ✅ “a confident and calm speaker”
- ❌ “a large wooden door” → ❌ “a wooden and large door”
要不要我把一些典型句子标上逗号帮你练一下?你也可以发你想写的句子,我给你改正确。💪
Loading...